Types of schools Essay Example for Free

Types of schools Essay 1. Community Schools Run by LA’s who own both the land and buildings and are responsible for employing the staff. The LA decides the schools’ admissions criteria for the allocation of places should the school be oversubscribed. These schools are supported by the community and as such the school facilities are used by local groups such as adult education and childcare classes. 2. Foundation and Trust schools Foundation schools are run by their own governing body who employ the staff and determine the admissions policy in conjunction with the LA. The governing body (or charitable foundation) owns the school and the land. A Trust School is a type of foundation school but forms a charitable Trust with an outside partner such as business or education charity whose aim is to raise standards and new ways of working. They buy in support services for Speech and Language, Educational Psychologists etc. The decision to become a Trust school is taken by the governing body in consultation with the parents. see more:examples of school facilities 3. Specialist Schools These schools operate in partnership with private-sector sponsors and within the requirements of the National Curriculum. They apply for specialist status to develop in one or two specialisms music, sport, languages, science, arts, business and enterprise, mathematics and computing, technology, applied learning, engineering, humanities and receive additional government funding for doing so. They are usually secondary schools but not necessarily SEN schools although SEN schools can become a specialist school  under one of the four areas of the SEN Code of Practice communication and interaction, Cognition (understanding) and learning, behaviour, emotional and social development, sensory and/or physical needs. 4. Voluntary-aided Religious or ‘faith’ schools but all can apply for a place. Run in the same way as Foundation schools but the land is usually owed by a religious organisation or charity. The governing body contributes to the building and maintenance costs employs the school’s staff and set the admissions criteria. These schools are funded partly by the governing body, by a charity and partly by the LA who also provides additional support services. 5. Voluntary-controlled Similar to voluntary aided but run by the LA who sets the admissions criteria and employs the school’s staff. The school land and buildings are normally owned by a charity, often a religious organisation which will also appoint some of the members of the governing body. 6. Independent Schools Not run by LA but funded by fees paid by parents and income from investments. They must be registered with the DfE and their standards are monitored by OfSTED or by an inspectorate approved by the Secretary of State. They set their own admissions policies and curriculum (they do not follow the National Curriculum). Teachers working in Independent schools do not have to be qualified. 7. Academies Sponsored, publicly-funded independent schools. Sponsors come from a wide range of backgrounds such as successful schools, businesses, charities, universities and faith bodies. Sponsors, are however, accountable for improving the performance of their schools. Although Academies have a close link with the LA they are not controlled or maintained by them and benefit from greater freedom than State schools to set their own pay and conditions for staff. They have freedom on how to deliver the curriculum and freedom to change the lengths of terms and school days. Identify the school you work in, state which type of school it is, and the age-range of the pupils. Swiss Garden, Shoreham-By-Sea is a ‘community school’ with approximately 410 pupils from the age of four to eleven years of age.

Security, Software, and Ethics Essay -- Software Computers Ethics Mora

Security, Software, and Ethics Introduction Every day, we use computer software to perform everyday tasks. These can range from sending e-mail, balancing your checkbook, web browsing, shopping and much more. Most people don't stop to think about the security of the software that we use on a daily basis. Users are more concerned about getting their work done, and security is little more than an afterthought. Security is a very important and often overlooked aspect of software development. Security is used to authenticate users, manage access to resources, and to ensure that data hasn't been compromised. Recent events such as the Sasser, SQL Server, Blaster and Nimda worms have been devastating throughout the world. They've cost companies and everyday people billions of dollars worth of wasted time, money and productivity. In some cases, data gets corrupted, modified or deleted. Businesses are unable to function normally, which can result in heavy financial losses. Some of these worms are still taking over computers to this day, long after patches have been readily available to fix the problem. Security professionals have been telling computer users to patch their systems and keep them up to date, but it their words aren't being listened to in spite of their warnings. Why is this scenario constantly being repeated? Who's responsible for ensuring that software we use is secure? I feel that software companies and software engineers are ethically responsible for making sure that their software is secure. We're becoming more dependent on computer software, which makes us more vulnerable to virus attacks from a security bug in a widely used piece of software. They must be able to ensure that our software is more secu... ...3] Peter Mell and Miles C. Tracy, "Procedures for Handling Security Patches", National Institute of Standards and Technology, August 2002 http://www.csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-40/sp800-40.pdf Suggested resources SANS Institute - Computer security web site, with information about computer security training http://www.sans.org SANS Institute Reading Room - Articles on a variety of security topics http://www.sans.org/rr Security Focus - Web site with news and analysis of security issues http://www.securityfocus.com The Register - Web site with IT-related news http://www.theregister.co.uk Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University http://www.sei.cmu.edu/ National Institute for Science and Technology http://www.nist.gov The CERTÂ ® Coordination Center - A reporting center for Internet security http://www.cert.org

Natural Resources Essay

Natural resources are useful materials or substances that exist in the environment like land, water, sun, trees, oil, minerals, etc. Natural resources are generally classified as renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Resource depletion means exhaustion of natural resources in a certain region. When the rate of consumption of these resources exceeds the rate at which they are restored, depletion of resources occurs. The utilization of natural resources has increased considerably due to the rapid growth in population. Improvements and advancements in science and technology have resulted in overutilization of natural resources. Some of the major causes of depletion of natural resources are as follows: Overutilization or exploitation of resources. Partial allocation of resources. Population growth. Advancements in technology. Deforestation. Soil erosion. Mining. Depletion of non-renewable resources (water, minerals, oil, and gas) has a serious impact on world economy and can c reate an imbalance between different nations. Overutilization of resources can cause disruption and destruction of the ecosystem. Overexploitation of water has caused drying of water bodies like lakes and streams. Therefore, we must utilize these resources carefully to maintain a balance between nature and mankind and also for the sustenance of life on earth. – Overutilization of natural resources has caused serious imbalance in nature. Various environmental issues like Greenhouse gases, global warming, and pollution have cropped up due to overuse of natural resources. According to the environmentalists, some of the non-renewable resources like oil, petroleum and gas will be completely extinct in the near future if we do not carefully use and conserve them. Conservation of the natural resources is not an easy task especially due to the fact that we are heavily dependent on these resources for our daily needs. However, we can adopt the following simple ways and strategies to save our environment: We should use paper products that are recycled and also practice recycling of paper. Unnecessary use of paper should also be prevented. Read more:  Essay on Conservation of Resources We should plant a tree and take part in plantation programs organized by the Government. Reforestation should be encouraged and practiced. We can save water by fixing any nozzle or tap that is broken or cracked. When bathing it  is better to use a bucket or tub than the shower. We should employ proper waste disposal techniques like composting. Dumping of wastes in lakes, rivers and the seas should be stopped. We can harvest rain water by installing rain water harvesting systems in homes and offices. The rain water is useful for gardening and cleaning purposes. We should try to restrict the use of vehicles as much as possible. If possible we can choose to walk or use a cycle. In this way we can save oil and gas. A hybrid car is always a better option because it runs on both electricity, and small quantity of gas. We can save energy by switching off all the electrical appliances that are not in use and also by using those products that consume lesser electricity. We can save electric ity and natural gas by using solar energy. Many appliances like solar cookers, solar heaters use solar energy instead of electricity. Photovoltaic can be used to generate electricity from solar energy.

Governance And Management Structure Of Islamic Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1507 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? A series of global financial crisis and economic recession for the past three decades have encourage economists world-wide to consider for an alternative financial solution. Globally this has attracted attention to focus on Islamic banking and finance as an alternative model. However, according to Chapra and Ahmed (2002) the primary of the new architecture that has received maximum emphasis so far at international forums, is improved corporate governance reinforced by prudential regulation and supervision. While these will certainly help in enhancing the soundness and stability of the financial system, they will not be sufficient. The increased globalization of financial and Islamic products markets has raised the interest of both market participants and regulators in the quality of financial reporting worldwide. As a result, Islamic financial institutions are required to increase the corporate governance (CG) and disclosing such actions in their annual reports because it may reduce the information irregularities between the management of the Islamic banks and the shareholders. According to Kothari (2000), reduced information asymmetry has desirable effects on the cost of capital and the volatility of security prices. These benefits motivate regulators around the world to strive for high quality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Governance And Management Structure Of Islamic Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In addition, with more governance related disclosure aids reflected in the financial reports would foster more transparent and accuracy in the present and future performance of the respective Islamic banks. Disclosure aids in the financial reports will assist all stakeholders to monitor the Islamic banks performance and to avoid existing problems remain unnoticed and which could lead to financial failure in the future. 1.1 Problem Statement Issues of corporate governance especially on the principal/agent conflict of interest with a view to promote the interests of all the stakeholders as well as the soundness and stability of the Islamic Financial System. This problem has been an inherent weakness in most conventional and Islamic banks since the advent of the financial system in Malaysia. Thus, this has eroded the credibility of the Malaysian Financial Institutions during the past financial crisis. According to McLennan (2007), good governance enables efficient and effective service delivery, and it also ensures high levels of accountability and transparency. These challenges can be classified as the top of list problem areas in the Malaysian Financial Institutions, and the main cause is problems around corporate governance. 1.2 Significance of the Research Due to the greater push Internationally by Accounting and Audit Organization of Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) and local regulatory such as the Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM) and the Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) to improve the corporate governance reinforced by prudential regulation and supervision. This study examines the seriousness of Malaysian Islamic Financial Institutions and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions complying with these guidelines. In particular, this research will examine the CG disclosures reported in their financial reports in Malaysia together with the current Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance 2012 (MCCG 2012) issued by SC focuses on strengthening board structure and composition recognizing the role of directors as active and responsible fiduciaries. According to Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance (2012), they have a duty to be effective stewards and guardians of the company, not just in set ting strategic direction and overseeing the conduct of business, but also in ensuring that the company conducts itself in compliance with laws and ethical values, and maintains an effective governance structure to ensure the appropriate management of risks and level of internal controls. Furthermore, this study is intended to contribute to the relevant literature aspects in future. This includes by institutionalizing the best practices from the Islamic financial institution and operational matters across all financial institution under the government linked companies (GLCs) in Malaysia in tandem with the Finance Ministry of Malaysia to have the GLCs to sustain in their performance and meet the transformation programme objectives by 2015. (Please refer to Figure 1) Figure 1: Transformation Objective by 2015 Source: GLC transformation programme. Yellow Book ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ Continuous Business Process Improvements GII ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“InnovationÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Circle Meeting 2. 2012 2.1 Main Research Questions The corporate governance guidelines issued by the respective responsible bodies as mentioned above may improve the governance practices of IFIs and hence enhance its transparency and accuracy reported in the financial reports. This study attempts to examine the extension of Malaysian Islamic Financial Institutions and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions complying with these guidelines. Specifically, the following research questions will be developed for study: 1. Were there sufficient information related to corporate governance available in the financial reports disclosure aids to safeguard the interest of all stakeholders? 2. Was there any standard tools available for the making the Board and the Management more effective and accountable for Malaysian Islamic Financial Institutions and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions? 3. Were there sufficient information related to the performance available to all the stakeholders reflected in the financial reports disclosure for Malaysian Islamic Financial Institutions and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions? 2.2 The Objective of the Research The main aim of this study is to examine the contributing factors by both board of directors and management for Malaysian and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions of the Islamic financial institutions Thus, the objectives of this study are: To examine the Board of Directors and Management principles, duties, responsibilities and policies Malaysian Islamic Financial Institutions and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions complying BNM and SC new corporate governance guidelines. To examine the performance measures for board of directors and management for both Malaysian and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions. ii) To examine the organization structure and functions for both Malaysian and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions. The study seeks to understand the disclosure of corporate governance and management decision making reflected in the financial reports between Malaysian and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions. 3.0 Theoretical Framework The potential theoretical framework of this study will merely concentrate on the quality of the CG information disclosure in the financial reports for Malaysian Islamic Financial Institutions and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions. The study will focus on the examining the extension of CG information disclose by IFIs and the difference of CG disclosure quality between local and foreign owned IFIs in terms of their preference to prioritize on whether specific or general kind of governance information in their annual report in year 2012. More specifically, the primary objective of this study is thus to examine the quality of CG disclosure provided by IFIs in Malaysia in their annual report. After conducting interviews, completing literature review and defining problems, the actual theoretical framework can be develop. However, the researcher may identify potential theoretical framework related to this research. The stewardship theory may be chosen as a framework for this study on account of the contextual characteristics of IFIs. (Please refer to Figure 2) Figure 2: Exhibits the Potential Research Framework 4.0 Methodology For this study the primary data and secondary data will be used. The secondary data will be collected from the central bank annual report, articles from journals and news papers and economic review. The above are the main research questions that framed the semi-structured interviews, documents analysis and discussions during data collection. In addition, this research intended to examine CG disclosure practices of IFIs in Malaysian and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions using two stages. The first stage is the development of comprehensive CG index. Consistent with prior studies, the index acts as a proxy for disclosure quality. The comprehensive corporate governance disclosure (CGD) index used in this study based on governance guidelines and codes disseminate by AAOIFI, BNM and SC. This CG index developed is then used to assess the quality of CG of Malaysian Islamic Financial Institutions and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions. This will constitute the second stage of the stu dy which will focus of this paper. According to Walter and Kenneth (1986), the association between the compounded index which captures both the importance of information and extends of disclosure, and possible determinants of disclosure is compared with using simple disclosure index. 4.1 Limitations The researcher may encounter obstacles while conducting this study. The obstacles come in many forms. The first potential obstacle would be on the data gathering during interview, where all bankers are required to abide by the rules and regulations spelled out in the Banking and Financial Institution Act (BAFIA) 1989 which prevents the interviewee from revealing certain details to a third party even for the benefit of this research. However, to be as confidential as possible and to avoid any doubts or dispute as to the authenticity of the data, respective parties within the University may have verified the details and analysis computed. In addition, the researcher also faced some constraints as some the employees of the Malaysian and Foreign Islamic Financial Institutions may not want their names to expose in the research report based on the interviews conducted by the researcher. 5.0 Findings and Conclusions By having the studied the research problems and issues mentioned above by the researcher, it is proposed to provide the findings and to recommend suggestions to the respective parties such as regulatory body in Malaysia. With jointly and cooperative affords from all the parties to build up Malaysian Islamic financial institutions a world class for Islamic banks by managing well in their asset quality and to increase the flow of income.